subcell.txt

subcell.txt

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UniProt - Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB); Geneva, Switzerland
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI); Hinxton, United Kingdom
Protein Information Resource (PIR); Washington DC, USA
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Description: Controlled vocabulary of subcellular locations and membrane
topologies and orientations
Name: subcell.txt
Release: 55.3 of 29-Apr-2008

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This document lists the UniProtKB controlled vocabulary used for the
subcellular locations (including the membrane topologies and orientations
terms) in the SUBCELLULAR LOCATION lines.

It provides definitions of the terms as well as other relevant information
in the following format:

--------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Line code Content Occurrence in an entry
--------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
ID Identifier (location) Once; starts an entry
IT Identifier (topology) Once; starts a 'topology' entry
IO Identifier (orientation) Once; starts an 'orientation' entry
AC Accession (SL-xxxx) Once
DE Definition Once or more
SY Synonyms Optional; Once or more
SL Content of subc. loc. lines Once
HI Hierarchy ('is-a') Optional; Once or more
HP Hierarchy ('part-of') Optional; Once or more
KW Associated keyword (accession) Optional; Once or more
GO Gene ontology (GO) mapping Optional; Once or more
WW Interesting links or references Optional; Once or more
// Terminator Once; ends an entry

______________________________________________________________________________
ID Acidocalcisome.
AC SL-0002
DE The acidocalcisome is an electron-dense acidic organelle which
DE contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound
DE calcium and other cations. Its limiting membrane possesses a number of
DE pumps and exchangers for the uptake and release of these elements. The
DE acidocalcisome does not belong to the endocytic pathway and may
DE represent a branch of the secretory pathway in trypanosomatids and
DE apicomplexan parasites. The acidocalcisome is possibly involved in
DE polyphosphate and cation storage and in adaptation of these
DE microoganisms to environmental stress.
SL Acidocalcisome.
GO GO:0020022; acidocalcisome
WW [Pubmed: 15738951] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Acidocalcisome lumen.
AC SL-0316
DE The acidocalcisome compartment bounded by the acidocalcisomal membrane.
SY Acidocalcisomal lumen.
SL Acidocalcisome lumen.
HP Acidocalcisome.
//
ID Acidocalcisome membrane.
AC SL-0003
DE The membrane of an acidocalcisome.
SY Acidocalcisomal membrane.
SL Acidocalcisome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Acidocalcisome.
GO GO:0033102; acidocalcisome membrane
//
ID Acrosome.
AC SL-0007
DE The acrosome is a large lysosome-like vesicle overlying the sperm
DE nucleus. This spermatid specific organelle, derived from the Golgi
DE during spermatogenesis, contains both unique acrosomal enzymes and
DE common enzymes associated with lysosomes in somatic cells. Only sperm
DE that have undergone the acrosome reaction can fuse with egg plasma
DE membrane. The acrosome reaction is characterized by multiple fusions
DE of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane.
SY Acrosomal vesicle.
SL Acrosome.
GO GO:0001669; acrosome
//
ID Acrosome inner membrane.
AC SL-0004
DE The inner membrane of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal inner membrane; Inner acrosomal membrane.
SL Acrosome inner membrane.
HI Acrosome membrane.
GO GO:0002079; inner acrosomal membrane
//
ID Acrosome lumen.
AC SL-0005
DE The lumen of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal lumen.
SL Acrosome lumen.
HP Acrosome.
GO GO:0043160; acrosomal lumen
//
ID Acrosome membrane.
AC SL-0006
DE The membrane of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal membrane.
SL Acrosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Acrosome.
//
ID Actin patch.
AC SL-0008
DE The actin patch is a highly dynamic actin structure required primarily
DE for endocytosis but possibly also coupled to exocytosis. Actin patches
DE are highly motile, they first assemble at sites of polarized cell
DE growth and then move slowly and nondirectionally along the cell
DE cortex.
SY Actin cortical patch.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, actin patch.
HP Cytoskeleton.
GO GO:0030479; actin cortical patch
//
ID Adherens junction.
AC SL-0009
DE The adherens junction is an adhesion complex that localizes close to
DE the apical membrane in epithelial cells. These jonctions join the
DE actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane to form adhesive contacts
DE between cells or between cells and extracellular matrix. AJs mediate
DE both cell adhesion and signaling.
SY AJ; Zonula adherens; ZA.
SL Cell junction, adherens junction.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0005912; adherens junction
//
ID Aleurone grain.
AC SL-0010
DE The aleurone grain (protein body), is a specialized dry vacuole where
DE storage proteins accumulate in a stable form in seeds, usually in the
DE endosperm. Cells containing aleurones form the aleurone layer. These
DE act as a source of amino acids for various synthetic activities during
DE germination, but also represent immensely important nutritional
DE sources for humans and ruminants. In most seeds, the aleuron grains
DE contain three morphologically distinct regions: the matrix,
DE crystalloid, and globoid.
SY Protein body.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0033095; aleurone grain
//
ID Aleurone grain lumen.
AC SL-0317
DE The aleurone grain compartment bounded by the aleurone grain membrane.
SY Protein body lumen.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Aleurone grain.
//
ID Aleurone grain membrane.
AC SL-0011
DE The membrane of an aleurone grain.
SY Protein body membrane.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Aleurone grain.
GO GO:0032578; aleurone grain membrane
//
ID Amyloplast.
AC SL-0012
DE The amyloplast is a colorless plant plastid that forms and stores
DE starch. Amyloplasts are found in many tissues, particularly in storage
DE tissues. They are found in both photosynthetic and parasitic plants,
DE i.e. even in plants that are not capable of photosynthesis. Many
DE amyloplast proteins are also expressed in photosynthetic tissue.
SL Plastid, amyloplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0035
GO GO:0009501; amyloplast
//
ID Amyloplast inner membrane.
AC SL-0013
DE The inner membrane of an amyloplast.
SY Inner amyloplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, amyloplast inner membrane.
HI Amyloplast membrane.
HI Plastid inner membrane.
GO GO:0033098; amyloplast inner membrane
//
ID Amyloplast membrane.
AC SL-0014
DE The membrane surrounding the amyloplast.
SY Amyloplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, amyloplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Amyloplast.
GO GO:0033097; amyloplast membrane
//
ID Apical cell membrane.
AC SL-0015
DE The fraction of the cell membrane at the apical end of the cell, which
DE faces the outside world or the lumen of the cavity.
SY Apical plasma membrane.
SL Apical cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016324; apical plasma membrane
//
ID Apical lamina.
AC SL-0016
DE In the sea urchin embryos the apical lamina is a fibrous meshwork that
DE remains after removal of hyalin from the hyalin layer.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, apical lamina.
HI Extracellular matrix.
//
ID Apicolateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0017
DE The fraction of the cell membrane at the apical end of the lateral
DE plasma membrane of the cell.
SY Apicolateral plasma membrane.
SL Apicolateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016327; apicolateral plasma membrane
//
ID Apicoplast.
AC SL-0018
DE The apicoplast is a plastid found in some apicocomplexan parasites
DE which is a non-photosynthetic plastid relict. Apicoplasts do not
DE contain thylakoids; it is not yet clear if they contain internal
DE membranes.
SY Golgi-adjunct organelle; Thick-walled organelle.
SL Plastid, apicoplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0933
GO GO:0020011; apicoplast
//
ID Apoplast.
AC SL-0019
DE The apoplast is the "non-living" extracellular space that surrounds
DE the symplast. It consists of cell walls and spaces between cells.
DE Water and solutes can move freely in this framework, except at the
DE endodermis in roots and stems where the apoplastic flow of ions is
DE interrupted by the Casparian strip, forcing water to flow to symplast.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, apoplast.
HI Extracellular space.
KW KW-0052
GO GO:0048046; apoplast
//
ID Archaeal flagellum.
AC SL-0306
DE The flagellum of Archaea is a long hair-like cell suface appendage
DE made of polymerized flagellin with an attached hook. This rotating
DE structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium. The
DE archaeal flagellum is distinct from its bacterial equivalent in terms
DE of architecture, composition and mechanism of assembly. Thinner (10-15
DE nm) compared to the bacterial flagellum (18-24 nm), it is usually
DE composed of several types of flagellins and is glycosylated.
SY Archaeal flagella; Archaeal flagellar apparatus.
SL Cell projection, archaeal flagellum.
HI Cell projection.
KW KW-0974
//
ID Attachment organelle.
AC SL-0020
DE The attachment organelle is a multifunctional polar structure found in
DE several Mycoplasma species. This large and complex cell extension,
DE whose predicted mass is greater than that of a vertebrate nuclear pore
DE complex, is essential for adherence to host cells, is involved in
DE gliding motility, and is associated with cell division.
SY Terminal organelle.
SL Cell projection, attachment organelle.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0033099; attachment organelle
//
ID Attachment organelle membrane.
AC SL-0021
DE The membrane surrounding the attachment organelle.
SY Terminal organelle membrane.
SL Cell projection, attachment organelle membrane.
HP Attachment organelle.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0033111; attachment organelle membrane
//
ID Autophagosome.
AC SL-0023
DE The autophagosome is a double membrane vesicle involved in the
DE degradation of long-lived proteins, unnecessary or damaged organelles
DE as well as other cellular constituents such as lipids or
DE carbohydrates. Crescent-shape isolation membranes or phagophores can
DE sequester cytoplasm and organelles giving rise to autophagosomes. The
DE outer membrane of the autophagosomes then fuse with vacuoles and/or
DE lysosomes and the inner membrane vesicles (termed autophagic bodies)
DE are released into the vacuole/lysosome lumen. These vesicles are then
DE lysed and the contents are degraded by resident hydrolases.
SY Autophagic vacuole.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0005776; autophagic vacuole
//
ID Autophagosome lumen.
AC SL-0318
DE The autophagosomal compartment bounded by the autophagosomal membrane.
SY Autophagosomal lumen; Autophagic vacuolar lumen; Autophagic vacuole lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Autophagosome.
//
ID Autophagosome membrane.
AC SL-0022
DE The membrane surrounding the autophagosome.
SY Autophagosomal membrane; Autophagic vacuolar membrane; Autophagic vacuole membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Autophagosome.
GO GO:0000421; autophagic vacuole membrane
//
ID Axon.
AC SL-0279
DE The axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses,
DE usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities,
DE which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
SL Cell projection, axon.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030424; axon
//
ID Bacterial flagellum.
AC SL-0307
DE The flagellum of Bacteria is a long hair-like cell suface appendage.
DE The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of
DE polymerized flagellin, the hook-like structure near the cell surface
DE and a system of rings embedded in the cell enveloppe (the basal body
DE or flagellar motor). The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like
DE filament to the cell surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure
DE with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium.
SY Bacterial flagella; Bacterial flagellar apparatus.
SL Cell projection, bacterial flagellum.
HI Cell projection.
KW KW-0975
//
ID Bacterial flagellum basal body.
AC SL-0142
DE The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a system of rings embedded
DE in the cell enveloppe. The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-
DE like filament to the cell surface. The bacterial flagellum is a
DE rotating structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid
DE medium.
SY Bacterial flagellar basal body; Bacterial flagellar motor; Bacterial flagellar kinetosome.
SL Cell projection, bacterial flagellum basal body.
HP Bacterial flagellum.
//
ID Basal cell membrane.
AC SL-0024
DE The basal cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane at the
DE basal side of the cell, which faces the underlying connective tissue.
SY Basal plasma membrane.
SL Basal cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0009925; basal plasma membrane
//
ID Basement membrane.
AC SL-0025
DE The basement membrane is a highly specialized extracellular matrix
DE structure undelying the basal surface of cells exhibiting polarity
DE (epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial cells) and surrounding
DE certain cell types such as muscle, adipose and Schwann cells.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane.
HI Extracellular matrix.
KW KW-0084
GO GO:0005604; basement membrane
//
ID Basolateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0026
DE The basolateral cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane
DE at the basolateral side of the cell, which faces adjacent cells and
DE the underlying connective tissue.
SY Basolateral plasma membrane.
SL Basolateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016323; basolateral plasma membrane
//
ID Bud.
AC SL-0027
DE A growing bud is an asexual reproductive structure, as in yeast or a
DE hydra, that consists of an outgrowth capable of developing into a new
DE individual.
SY Growing bud.
SL Bud.
GO GO:0005933; cellular bud
//
ID Bud membrane.
AC SL-0028
DE The membrane surrounding a bud.
SY Cellular bud membrane.
SL Bud membrane.
HP Bud.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0033101; cellular bud membrane
//
ID Bud neck.
AC SL-0029
DE The bud neck is a constriction between the mother and the daughter
DE cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding. This structure
DE comprises the septin ring, an hourglass-shaped collar around the
DE mother-bud neck, which splits into two rings flanking the division
DE plane at cytokinesis and that acts as a diffusion barrier to maintain
DE polarity factors in the bud and as a scaffold to recruit actomyosin
DE contractile ring components.
SY Cellular bud neck.
SL Bud neck.
HP Bud.
GO GO:0005935; cellular bud neck
//
ID Bud tip.
AC SL-0030
DE The bud tip is the distal tip of the bud opposite to the site of
DE attachment to the mother cell.
SY Cellular bud tip.
SL Bud tip.
HP Bud.
GO GO:0005934; cellular bud tip
//
ID Cajal body.
AC SL-0031
DE The nuclear Cajal bodies (CBs) are small subnuclear membraneless
DE organelles present either free in the nucleoplasm and/or physically
DE associated to specific regions of chromatin. CBs contain newly
DE assembled small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and small
DE nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) particles, which are involved
DE in pre-mRNA splicing and in ribosomal RNA processing, respectively.
DE Mammalian nucleus in interphase, show 2-6 CBs, as irregular, punctuate
DE structures, which vary in size and shape and which are often
DE juxtaposed to nucleoli. At the electronic-microscope level, they are
DE composed of heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with
DE diameters ranging from 20-25 nm and are called coiled body. Structures
DE similar to CBs have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus
DE (called sphere organelles) and in insect (called endobodies). CBs are
DE motile and dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-protein
DE components can cycle continuously between CBs and other nuclear
DE locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell.
SY Cajal bodies; Coiled body; Endobodies; Nucleolar accessory bodies; Sphere organelles.
SL Nucleus, Cajal body.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0015030; Cajal body
//
ID Calyx.
AC SL-0032
DE The calyx is a large cytoskeletal component of the perinuclear theca
DE of the mammalian sperm head.
SY Calyces; Cytoskeletal calyx.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, perinuclear theca, calyx.
HP Perinuclear theca.
GO GO:0033150; cytoskeletal calyx
//
ID Capsule.
AC SL-0033
DE The capsule is a protective structure surrounding some bacteria or
DE fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer of material, usually
DE polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall possibly via covalent
DE attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A molecules. It has
DE several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or
DE interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a
DE defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve.
DE Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates with
DE pathogenicity. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies
DE outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides.
DE It protects the cell from different environmental dangers such as
DE phagocytosis, dessication, etc.
SL Secreted, capsule.
HP Cell envelope.
HP Secreted.
GO GO:0042603; capsule
//
ID Carboxysome.
AC SL-0034
DE The carboxysome is a small polyhedral inclusion body containing
DE several polypeptides surrounded by a thin protein coat. They are
DE cytoplasmic in cyanobacteria and are also found in the stroma of
DE cyanelles. They contain most to all of the cellular complement of
DE Rubisco. Carboxysomes appear to function as a microcompartment in
DE which Rubisco-mediated CO(2) fixation occurs.
SL Carboxysome.
GO GO:0031470; carboxysome
//
ID Caveola.
AC SL-0035
DE The caveola is a small (apparently) uncoated pit in the cell membrane
DE found in many highly differentiated mammalian cells, such as
DE adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. These flask-shaped
DE invaginations are defined by the presence of caveolins and contains a
DE subset of lipid-raft components, including cholesterol and
DE sphingolipids. Caveolae each comprise a caveolar bulb with a diameter
DE of 60-80 nm, connected to an opening of fairly constant diameter.
DE Caveolae might exists as single pits or can form a cluster of caveolae
DE with non-caveolar membrane between the pits. In many tissues, and
DE particularly in adipocytes, multiple caveolae are arranged around a
DE central vacuolar domain. In developing muscle fibres, multiple
DE caveolae are connected by a single neck to the cell membrane,
DE producing large chains of interconnected caveolae. Another structural
DE feature of caveolae in certain endothelia is the presence of a
DE stomatal diaphragm, which consists of a central density and radial
DE spikes, in the neck of the caveolae. Mature caveolae might be
DE assembled in the Golgi apparatus. Caveolae can flatten out into the
DE cell membrane, thereby loosing their caveolar identity.
SY Caveolae; Plasmalemmal vesicle.
SL Cell membrane, caveola.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0005901; caveola
WW [Pubmed: 17318224] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Cell cortex.
AC SL-0138
DE The cell cortex is the cytoplasmic region under the cell membrane.
SL Cytoplasm, cell cortex.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0005938; cell cortex
//
ID Cell envelope.
AC SL-0036
DE The cell envelope comprizes the cell membrane, the cell wall and an
DE outer membrane if present. Gram positive bacteria cell envelope
DE consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule. Gram
DE negative envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall,
DE periplasmic space, outer membrane and capsule. Archeal cell envelope
DE consists generally of single typical bilayer membrane covered by a
DE surface layer (S-layer). Ignicoccus species have exceptionally an
DE outer membrane which encloses a large periplasmic space. Extreme
DE thermophiles and acidophiles have tetraether type glycerophospholipids
DE with C40 isoprenoid chains. The yeast cell envelope is a protecting
DE capsule which consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasmic
DE space, and the cell wall.
SY Envelope.
SL Cell envelope.
GO GO:0031975; envelope
WW http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/ehrmann/tools/ecce/ecce.htm
//
ID Cell inner membrane.
AC SL-0037
DE The bacterial inner cell membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the cytoplasm from the periplasm in Gram-
DE negative bacterial cells.
SY Inner membrane.
SL Cell inner membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
GO GO:0005886; plasma membrane
//
ID Cell junction.
AC SL-0038
DE The cell junction is a cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix contact
DE within a tissue of a multicellular organism, especially abundant in
DE epithelia. In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell
DE junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g. adherens junctions),
DE communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and occluding junctions
DE (e.g. tight junctions).
SL Cell junction.
GO GO:0030054; cell junction
WW http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3469
//
ID Cell membrane.
AC SL-0039
DE The cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which
DE separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. In most archaea,
DE bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae the cell membrane is enclosed by at
DE least the cell wall. Also used when it is not known if the protein is
DE found in or associated with the inner or outer cell membrane.
SY Plasma membrane; Plasmalemma; Cytoplasmic membrane.
SL Cell membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Cell envelope.
GO GO:0005886; plasma membrane
//
ID Cell outer membrane.
AC SL-0040
DE The bacterial outer cell membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the bacterial periplasm from the Gram-
DE negative bacterial cell surroundings. In most bacteria, the cell
DE membrane is enclosed by at least the cell wall.
SY Outer membrane.
SL Cell outer membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
GO GO:0009279; cell outer membrane
//
ID Cell projection.
AC SL-0280
DE A cell projection is a cell protrusion such as pseudopodium,
DE filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome or axon,
DE or other cell projections such as pili or bacterial comet tail. These
DE membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled processes are involved in many
DE biological functions, such as cell motility, cancer-cell invasion,
DE endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen infection, neurite
DE extension and cytokinesis.
SY Cell protrusion.
SL Cell projection.
GO GO:0042995; cell projection
//
ID Cell surface.
AC SL-0310
DE The outermost side of the cell.
SL Cell surface.
GO GO:0009986; cell surface
//
ID Cell wall.
AC SL-0041
DE The complex and rigid layer surrounding the cell. Cell walls are found
DE in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. The cell wall is
DE surrounded by the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, and
DE envelopes the inner or plasma membrane in gram-negative, gram-positive
DE and acid-fast bacteria. Cell walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan
DE while those of archaea are not made of peptidoglycan, but some archaea
DE may contain pseudopeptidoglycan, which is composed of N-
DE acetyltalosaminuronic acid, instead of N-acetyl muramic acid in
DE peptidoglycan. The plant cell wall is made of fibrils of cellulose
DE embedded in a matrix of several other kinds of polymers such as pectin
DE and lignin. Algal cell walls are usually composed of cellulose,
DE glycoproteins, sporopollenin, calcium and various polysaccharides such
DE as manosyl, xylanes, alginic acid. Diatom cell walls (or frustules)
DE contain silica. The cell wall plays a role in cell shape, cell
DE stability and development, and protection against environmental
DE dangers.
SL Secreted, cell wall.
HP Cell envelope.
HP Secreted.
KW KW-0134
GO GO:0005618; cell wall
//
ID Cellular chromatophore membrane.
AC SL-0042
DE The cellular chromatophore membranes are the internal, photosynthetic
DE membranes found in the cytoplasm in purple photosynthetic bacteria.
DE They contain the reaction centers, antennae complexes, cytochrome bc1
DE complex and the F0F1-ATPase.
SY Chromatophore membrane.
SL Cellular chromatophore membrane.
HI Membrane.
GO GO:0042717; chromatophore membrane
//
ID Cellular thylakoid.
AC SL-0043
DE The cellular thylakoids are formed usually by extensive invaginations
DE of the cell membrane. In Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, the
DE thylakoid membranes are physically discontinuous from the plasma
DE membrane, and thus represent bona fide intracellular organelles.
SL Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0009579; thylakoid
//
ID Cellular thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0044
DE The lumen of the cellular thylakoid.
SL Cellular thylakoid lumen.
HP Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0031977; thylakoid lumen
//
ID Cellular thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0045
DE The membrane of the cellular thylakoid.
SL Cellular thylakoid membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0042651; thylakoid membrane
//
ID Centriole.
AC SL-0046
DE The centriole is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure. A pair
DE of centrioles, embedded in the so-called pericentriolar material,
DE constitute the centrosome, the microtubule-organizing center of a
DE eukaryotic cell. Centrioles are barrel-shaped microtubule-based
DE structures organized in a 9-fold radial symmetry. Centriolar
DE microtubule arrays usually consist of triplet microtubules, although
DE doublets or singlets are present in some species. Centrioles are
DE structurally related to (and often interconvertible with) basal
DE bodies, the organelles required for the assembly of a cilium or
DE flagellum.
SL Centrosome, centriole.
HP Centrosome.
GO GO:0005814; centriole
//
ID Centromere.
AC SL-0047
DE The centromere is a region of replicated eukaryotic chromosomes where
DE the two chromatids are joined together.
SY Chromosome, pericentric region.
SL Centromere.
KW KW-0137
GO GO:0000775; chromosome, pericentric region
//
ID Centrosome.
AC SL-0048
DE The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
DE It is composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles, each one
DE having a barrel shaped microtubule structure, and their surrounding
DE material. The centrosome is responsible of the nucleation and
DE organisation of the microtubules.
SY Microtubules-organizing center.
SL Centrosome.
GO GO:0005813; centrosome
//
ID Chloroplast.
AC SL-0049
DE The most common form of plastid, the chloroplast, is a photosynthetic
DE organelle found in all photosynthetic organisms except
DE glaucocystophyte algae where this organelle is called a cyanelle. In
DE green (photosynthesizing) tissue they house the machinery necessary
DE for photosynthesis and CO(2) fixation. They are surrounded by between
DE 2 and 4 membranes and contain thylakoids in green tissue.
SL Plastid, chloroplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0150
GO GO:0009507; chloroplast
//
ID Chloroplast envelope.
AC SL-0050
DE The envelope of a chloroplast comprises the inner and outer
DE chloroplast membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Chloroplastic envelope.
SL Plastid, chloroplast envelope.
HI Plastid envelope.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009941; chloroplast envelope
//
ID Chloroplast inner membrane.
AC SL-0051
DE The inner membrane of a chloroplast is the membrane which separates
DE the chloroplast stroma from the intermembrane space.
SY Chloroplastic inner membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast inner membrane.
HI Chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid inner membrane.
GO GO:0009706; chloroplast inner membrane
//
ID Chloroplast intermembrane space.
AC SL-0052
DE The intermembrane space between the inner and the outer chloroplast
DE membranes.
SY Chloroplastic intermembrane space.
SL Plastid, chloroplast intermembrane space.
HI Plastid intermembrane space.
HP Chloroplast envelope.
GO GO:0031972; chloroplast intermembrane space
//
ID Chloroplast membrane.
AC SL-0053
DE The membrane surrounding a chloroplast. This term is used when it is
DE not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or
DE outer chloroplast membrane.
SY Chloroplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Chloroplast envelope.
GO GO:0031969; chloroplast membrane
//
ID Chloroplast nucleoid.
AC SL-0139
DE The chloroplast nucleoid is the chloroplastic pseudocompartment formed
DE by the chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally
DE equivalent to the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SY Chloroplastic nucleoid.
SL Plastid, chloroplast stroma, chloroplast nucleoid.
HP Chloroplast stroma.
GO GO:0042644; chloroplast nucleoid
//
ID Chloroplast outer membrane.
AC SL-0054
DE The outer membrane of a chloroplast is the chloroplast membrane facing
DE the cytoplasm.
SY Chloroplastic outer membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast outer membrane.
HI Chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid outer membrane.
GO GO:0009707; chloroplast outer membrane
//
ID Chloroplast stroma.
AC SL-0055
DE The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast double membrane but
DE excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled with a colorless
DE hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary
DE products of photosynthesis.
SY Chloroplastic stroma.
SL Plastid, chloroplast stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009570; chloroplast stroma
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid.
AC SL-0056
DE The thylakoid of a chloroplast is an internal system of interconnected
DE membranes, that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. They
DE are arranged into stacked and unstacked regions called grana and
DE stroma thylakoids, respectively, that are differentially enriched in
DE photosystem I and II complexes. Although extensive, the thylakoid
DE network in an individual chloroplast is thought to comprise a single
DE lumenal compartment.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid.
HI Plastid thylakoid.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009534; chloroplast thylakoid
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0057
DE The chloroplast thylakoid lumen is the chloroplast compartment bounded
DE by the thylakoid membranes.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid lumen.
HI Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Chloroplast thylakoid.
GO GO:0009543; chloroplast thylakoid lumen
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0058
DE The thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast is an internal system of
DE interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reactions of
DE photosynthesis. They are arranged into stacked and unstacked regions
DE called grana and stroma thylakoids, respectively, that are
DE differentially enriched in photosystem I and II complexes. Although
DE extensive, the thylakoid network in an individual chloroplast is
DE thought to comprise a single lumenal compartment.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
HI Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HP Chloroplast thylakoid.
GO GO:0009535; chloroplast thylakoid membrane
//
ID Chlorosome.
AC SL-0059
DE A chlorosome is a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex found in
DE anoxygenic green bacteria. Chlorosomes are flattened ellipsoidal
DE organelles appressed to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane.
DE They contain typically highly aggregated bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or
DE e, a small amount of bacteriochlorophyll a, carotenoids, quinones, and
DE occasionally wax esters. The chlorosome envelope of green sulfur
DE bacteria is an asymmetric membrane containing galactolipids with the
DE galactosyl moieties exposed on the outer surface. The farnesyl tails
DE of the BChl c molecules within the chlorosome probably comprise the
DE inner leaflet of this membrane.
SL Chlorosome.
KW KW-0151
GO GO:0046858; chlorosome
WW [Pubmed: 16866355] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Chlorosome envelope.
AC SL-0060
DE The chlorosome envelope of green sulfur bacteria is an asymmetric
DE membrane containing galactolipids with the galactosyl moieties exposed
DE on the outer surface. The farnesyl tails of the BChl c molecules
DE within the chlorosome probably comprise the inner leaflet of this
DE membrane.
SY Chlorosomal envelope.
SL Chlorosome, chlorosome envelope.
HP Chlorosome.
GO GO:0033105; chlorosome envelope
//
ID Chromaffin granule.
AC SL-0061
DE A chromaffin granule is a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic
DE of chromaffin cells.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule.
HI Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0042583; chromaffin granule
//
ID Chromaffin granule lumen.
AC SL-0349
DE The chromaffin granule comparment bounded by the chromaffin granule
DE membrane.
SY Chromaffin granular lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Chromaffin granule.
//
ID Chromaffin granule membrane.
AC SL-0062
DE The chromaffin granule membrane is the membrane surrounding a
DE chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic of
DE chromaffin cells.
SY Chromaffin granular membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Chromaffin granule.
GO GO:0042584; chromaffin granule membrane
//
ID Chromoplast.
AC SL-0063
DE A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll.
DE Found in flower, petals and fruit.
SL Plastid, chromoplast.
HI Plastid.
GO GO:0009509; chromoplast
//
ID Chromoplast membrane.
AC SL-0064
DE The chromoplast membrane is the membrane surrounding a chromoplast, a
DE plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll.
SY Chromoplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, chromoplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Chromoplast.
GO GO:0046862; chromoplast membrane
//
ID Chromoplast stroma.
AC SL-0065
DE The chromoplast stroma is the space enclosed by the chromoplast double
DE membrane but excluding the photosynthetic material. The chromoplast is
DE a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll.
SY Chromoplastic stroma.
SL Plastid, chromoplast stroma.
HP Chromoplast.
GO GO:0009575; chromoplast stroma
//
ID Cilium.
AC SL-0066
DE The cilium is a cell surface projection found at the surface of a
DE large proportion of eukaryotic cells. The two basic types of cilia,
DE motile (alternatively named flagella) and non-motile, collectively
DE perform a wide variety of functions broadly encompassing cell/fluid
DE movement and sensory perception. Their most prominent structural
DE component is the axoneme which consists of nine doublet microtubules,
DE with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic node -
DE containing an additional central pair of microtubules. The axonemal
DE microtubules of all cilia nucleate and extend from a basal body, a
DE centriolar structure most often composed of a radial array of nine
DE triplet microtubules. In most cells, basal bodies associate with cell
DE membranes and cilia are assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed
DE compartments.
SY Cilia.
SL Cell projection, cilium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0005929; cilium
WW http://www.ciliome.com
//
ID Cilium axoneme.
AC SL-0304
DE The cilium axoneme is the most prominent structural component of the
DE cilium. It consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile
DE cilia - except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional
DE central pair of microtubules. The axonemal microtubules of all cilia
DE nucleate and extend from a basal body, a centriolar structure most
DE often composed of a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. In most
DE cells, basal bodies associate with cell membranes and cilia are
DE assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed compartments.
SY Ciliary axoneme.
SL Cell projection, cilium axoneme.
HP Cilium.
GO GO:0035085; cilium axoneme
//
ID Cilium basal body.
AC SL-0087
DE The basal body is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure required
DE for the formation of cilia. Basal bodies, structuraly related to and
DE often interconvertible with centrioles, serves as a nucleation site
DE for axoneme growth.
SY Ciliary basal body; Cilium kinetosome; Ciliary kinetosome.
SL Cell projection, cilium basal body.
HP Cilium.
//
ID Cilium membrane.
AC SL-0305
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the cilium.
SY Ciliary membrane.
SL Cell projection, cilium membrane.
HP Cilium.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID cis-Golgi network.
AC SL-0067
DE The cis-Golgi network is an extensive tubulovesicular network bound to
DE the cis face of the Golgi stack and which function is to receive
DE process the biosynthetic output from the ER.
SY CGN; cis-Golgi; cis-Golgi complex; Golgi cis-face.
SL Golgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005801; cis-Golgi network
//
ID cis-Golgi network membrane.
AC SL-0068
DE The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the
DE cis-Golgi network.
SY CGN membrane; cis-Golgi membrane; cis-Golgi complex membrane; Golgi cis-face membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network membrane.
HI Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP cis-Golgi network.
GO GO:0033106; cis-Golgi network membrane
//
ID Clathrin-coated pit.
AC SL-0069
DE Coated pits are regions of the cell membrane specialized in receptor-
DE mediated endocytosis. Their cytoplasmic surface is coated with a
DE bristlelike structure made of clathrin. During the first steps of
DE endocytosis, clathrin-coated pits are internalized to form clathrin-
DE coated vesicles which transport proteins from organelle to organelle.
SL Membrane, clathrin-coated pit.
HI Coated pit.
GO GO:0005905; coated pit
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0070
DE Clathrin coated vesicles (CCVs) mediate the vesicular transport of
DE cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network
DE connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell
DE membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking
DE polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the
DE outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from
DE three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a
DE polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large
DE heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and
DE three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make
DE a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular
DE pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical
DE scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components.
DE The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by
DE clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin
DE lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes.
DE Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a
DE stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and
DE are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV
DE formation.
SY CCV.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030136; clathrin-coated vesicle
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0319
DE The clathrin-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the clathrin-coated
DE vesicle membrane.
SY Clathrin-coated vesicular lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Clathrin-coated vesicle.
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0071
DE The membrane surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV). CCVs mediate
DE the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles
DE in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network,
DE endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the
DE cell membrane reveal a striking.
SY Clathrin-coated vesicular membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Clathrin-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0030665; clathrin coated vesicle membrane
//
ID Coated pit.
AC SL-0072
DE Coated pits are regions of the donor membrane where the assembly of
DE the vesicle coat take place. The coat assembles from soluble protomers
DE such as coat protein complex-I and coat protein complex-II. The
DE components of the coat often define the intracellular sorting station,
DE and contribute to both membrane deformation and local movement of the
DE resulting transport intermediate following scission. During the first
DE steps of the vesicle-mediated membrane transport, coated pits are
DE internalized to form coated vesicles which transport proteins between
DE distinct membrane-bound organelles.
SL Membrane, coated pit.
HP Membrane.
KW KW-0168
GO GO:0005905; coated pit
//
ID Contractile vacuole.
AC SL-0073
DE A contractile vacuole (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory
DE organelle of fresh water and soil amoebae and protozoa which
DE segregates excess cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, and expel it
DE to the cell exterior, so that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept
DE constant under a given osmotic condition. Depending on the organism,
DE the CV complex (CVC) shows different degrees of specialization of its
DE tubular and vesicular elements. In the most elaborate CVCs of certain
DE ciliates, e.g. Paramecium, a central vacuole, the contractile vacuole
DE or cisterna, is surrounded by radially oriented ampullae or radial
DE arms. These ampullae are connected to a network of channels. Excess
DE cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, is segregated by the radial
DE arms and enters the vacuole, so that the vacuole swells (the fluid-
DE filling phase). The vacuole then rounds (the rounding phase) and the
DE radial arms sever from the vacuole. The vacuole membrane then fuses
DE with the plasma membrane at the pore region and the pore opens. The
DE vacuole shrinks as its fluid is discharged through the pore (the
DE fluid-discharging phase). The pore closes when the fluid has been
DE discharged. The radial arms then reattach to the vacuole, so that the
DE vacuole swells again as the fluid enters from the arms (the next
DE fluid-filling phase).
SY CV; Contracile vacuole complex; CVC.
SL Contractile vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0000331; contractile vacuole
//
ID Contractile vacuole lumen.
AC SL-0320
DE The contractile vacuole compartment bounded by the contractile vacuole
DE membrane.
SY Contractile vacuolar lumen.
SL Contractile vacuole lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Contractile vacuole.
//
ID Contractile vacuole membrane.
AC SL-0074
DE The membrane surrounding a contractile vacuole. A contractile vacuole
DE (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory organelle of fresh
DE water and soil amoebae and protozoa which segregates excess cytosolic
DE water, acquired osmotically, and expel it to the cell exterior, so
DE that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept constant under a given osmotic
DE condition.
SY Contractile vacuolar membrane.
SL Contractile vacuole membrane.
HI Vacuolar membrane.
HP Contractile vacuole.
GO GO:0031164; contractile vacuolar membrane
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0075
DE COPI-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as
DE proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-
DE cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi
DE back to the ER (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials
DE within the Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the coatomer, which is a
DE seven-subunit protein complex that participates in the formation of
DE Golgi-derived coated vesicles. Evidence has also been presented for
DE anterograde intra-Golgi transport mediated by COPI in yeast and
DE mammals.
SY Coat protein complex I.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030137; COPI-coated vesicle
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0321
DE The COPI-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the COPI-coated vesicle
DE membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP COPI-coated vesicle.
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0076
DE The membrane surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle. COPI-coated vesicles
DE mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPI-coated
DE vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-cisternae of the Golgi
DE apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi back to the ER
DE (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials within the
DE Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP COPI-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0030663; COPI coated vesicle membrane
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0077
DE COPII-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as
DE proteins. COPII-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the
DE endoplasmic reticulum be involved in the anterograde transport between
DE the ER to Golgi and travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi
DE intermediate compartment, where they fuse and release their contents
DE (anterograde transport). The COPII coat has five main functional
DE components that are highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells.
SY Coat protein complexes II; ER to Golgi transport vesicle.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030134; ER to Golgi transport vesicle
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0322
DE The COPII-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the COPII-coated vesicle
DE membrane.
SY Coat protein complexes II lumen; ER to Golgi transport vesicle lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP COPII-coated vesicle.
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0078
DE The membrane surrounding a COPII-coated vesicle. COPII-coated vesicles
DE mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPII-
DE coated vesicles are believed to bud from the endoplasmic reticulum be
DE involved in the anterograde transport between the ER to Golgi and
DE travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate
DE compartment, where they fuse and release their contents (anterograde
DE transport). The COPII coat has five main functional.
SY Coat protein complexes II membrane; ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP COPII-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0012507; ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane
//
ID Cornified envelope.
AC SL-0079
DE The cornified envelope is a structure which is formed beneath the
DE plasma membrane in terminally differentiating stratified squamous
DE epithelia. It provides a vital physical barrier to these tissues in
DE mammals and consists of a 10 nm thick layer of highly crosslinked
DE insoluble proteins. In the specialized case of the epidermis, a 5 nm
DE thick layer of ceramide lipids is covalently bound to the proteins.
DE These organize extracellular lipids into orderly lamellae and,
DE together, the cell envelope and extracellular lipids are essential for
DE effective physical and water barrier function in the skin.
SL Cornified envelope.
GO GO:0001533; cornified envelope
//
ID Cvt vesicle.
AC SL-0080
DE A cvt vesicle is a double membrane-layered vesicle implicated in the
DE cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0033107; CVT vesicle
//
ID Cvt vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0323
DE The cvt vesicle compartment bounded by the cvt vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Cvt vesicle.
//
ID Cvt vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0081
DE The membrane surrounding a cvt vesicle. A cvt vesicle is a double
DE membrane-layered vesicle implicated in the cytoplasm to vacuole
DE targeting pathway.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Cvt vesicle.
GO GO:0033110; CVT vesicle membrane
//
ID Cyanelle.
AC SL-0082
DE A cyanelle is a photosynthetic organelle of glaucocystophyte algae.
DE Cyanelles are surrounded by a double membrane and, in between, a
DE peptidoglycan wall. Thylakoid membrane architecture and the presence
DE of carboxysomes are cyanobacteria-like. Historically, the term
DE cyanelle is derived from a classification as endosymbiotic
DE cyanobacteria, and thus is not fully correct.
SY Muroplast; Cyanoplast.
SL Plastid, cyanelle.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0194
GO GO:0009842; cyanelle
//
ID Cyanelle membrane.
AC SL-0083
DE The membrane surrounding a cyanelle, a photosynthetic organelle of
DE glaucocystophyte algae. This term is used when it is not known if the
DE protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer cyanelle
DE membrane.
SL Plastid, cyanelle membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Cyanelle.
GO GO:0033113; cyanelle membrane
//
ID Cyanelle stroma.
AC SL-0350
DE The internal space enclosed by the cyanelle double membrane but
DE excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled with a colorless
DE hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary
DE products of photosynthesis.
SL Plastid, cyanelle stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Cyanelle.
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid.
AC SL-0277
DE The cyanelle thylakoid is an internal system of interconnected
DE photosynthetic membranes resembling that of cyanobacteria found in the
DE cyanelles of certain algae.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid.
HI Plastid thylakoid.
HP Cyanelle.
GO GO:0009843; cyanelle thylakoid
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0084
DE The cyanelle thylakoid lumen is the cyanelle compartment bounded by
DE the thylakoid membranes.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid lumen.
HI Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Cyanelle thylakoid.
GO GO:0033114; cyanelle thylakoid lumen
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0085
DE The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle, a
DE photosynthetic organelle of glaucocystophyte algae.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid membrane.
HI Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HP Cyanelle thylakoid.
GO GO:0033115; cyanelle thylakoid membrane
//
ID Cytoplasm.
AC SL-0086
DE The cytoplasm is the content of a cell within the plasma membrane and,
DE in eukaryotics cells, surrounding the nucleus. This three-dimensional,
DE jelly-like lattice interconnects and supports the other solid
DE structures. The cytosol (the soluble portion of the cytoplasm outside
DE the organelles) is mostly composed of water and many low molecular
DE weight compounds. In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm also contains a network
DE of cytoplasmic filaments (cytoskeleton).
SL Cytoplasm.
KW KW-0963
GO GO:0005737; cytoplasm
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule.
AC SL-0281
DE Protein found in or associated with cytoplasmic granules.
SL Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule lumen.
AC SL-0324
DE The cytoplasmic granule compartment bounded by the cytoplasmic granule
DE membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic granule lumen.
HP Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule membrane.
AC SL-0282
DE The membrane surrounding a cytoplasmic granule.
SL Cytoplasmic granule membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle.
AC SL-0088
DE The cytoplasmic vesicles mediate vesicular transport among the
DE organelles of secretory and endocytic systems. These transport
DE vesicles are classified by the identity of the protein coat used in
DE their formation and also by the cargo they contain, e.g. clathrin-,
DE COPI-, and COPII-coated vesicles, synaptic vesicles, secretory
DE vesicles, phagosomes, etc.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle.
KW KW-0968
GO GO:0031410; cytoplasmic vesicle
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0325
DE The cytoplasmic vesicle compartment bounded by the cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Cytoplasmic vesicle.
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0089
DE The membrane surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. The cytoplasmic
DE vesicles mediate vesicular transport among the organelles of secretory
DE and endocytic systems.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030659; cytoplasmic vesicle membrane
//
ID Cytoskeleton.
AC SL-0090
DE The cytoskeleton is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that fills
DE the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton is both a muscle
DE and a skeleton, and is responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and
DE the organization of the organelles within the cell. The major
DE components of cytoskeleton are the microfilaments (of actin),
DE microtubules (of tubulin) and intermediate filament systems in cells.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.
HP Cytoplasm.
KW KW-0206
GO GO:0005856; cytoskeleton
//
ID Cytosol.
AC SL-0091
DE The cytosol is the unstructured aqueous phase of the cytoplasm
DE excluding organelles, membranes, and insoluble cytoskeletal
DE components.
SL Cytoplasm, cytosol.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0005829; cytosol
//
ID Dendrite.
AC SL-0283
DE The dendrite is a short and typically branched process extending from
DE the cell body of a neuron that receive and integrate signals coming
DE from axons of other neurons, and convey the resulting signal to the
DE body of the cell.
SL Cell projection, dendrite.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030425; dendrite
//
ID Dendritic spine.
AC SL-0284
DE A dendritic spine is a small, club-like cell protrusion from neuronal
DE dendrites that form the postsynaptic component of most excitatory
DE synapses in the brain. Spines are complex, dynamic structures that
DE contain a dense array of cytoskeletal, transmembrane, and scaffolding
DE molecules. Despite their modest size, most spines contain at least
DE some form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in the largest spines
DE takes the form of a specialized organelle called the "spine
DE apparatus". These cell protrusions play a critical role in synaptic
DE transmission and plasticity.
SY Spine.
SL Cell projection, dendritic spine.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0043197; dendritic spine
WW [Pubmed: 16443821] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Dendritic spine membrane.
AC SL-0285
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the dendritic spine, a
DE small, club-like cell protrusion from neuronal dendrites that form the
DE postsynaptic component of most excitatory synapses in the brain.
SL Cell projection, dendritic spine membrane.
HP Dendritic spine.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Desmosome.
AC SL-0092
DE A desmosome (DS) is a button-like adhesion complex that stabilizes
DE epithelial sheets by anchoring the intermediate filament cytoskeleton
DE to the cell junction. Desmosomes are found particularly in tissues
DE subjected to mechanical stress.
SY Macula adherens; DS.
SL Cell junction, desmosome.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0030057; desmosome
WW http://celljunctions.med.nyu.edu/desmosomes/desframe.html
//
ID Early endosome.
AC SL-0094
DE Early endosomes form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the
DE cortical cytoplasm of the cell. Early endosomes are the primary
DE sorting station in the endocytic pathway from which endocytosed
DE molecules can be recycled back to the cell membrane or targeted to
DE degradation in the lysosomes. Loaded by endocytosed molecules in 1 to
DE 4 minutes, their acidic luminal pH around 6.0 allows ligand release
DE from recycling receptors.
SL Early endosome.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005769; early endosome
//
ID Early endosome lumen.
AC SL-0337
DE The early endosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of early
DE endosomes, which form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the
DE cortical cytoplasm of the cell.
SY Early endosomal lumen.
SL Early endosome lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Early endosome.
//
ID Early endosome membrane.
AC SL-0093
DE The membrane surrounding the early endosomes, which form a
DE tubulovesicular network spread throughout the cortical cytoplasm of
DE the cell.
SY Early endosomal membrane.
SL Early endosome membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Early endosome.
GO GO:0031901; early endosome membrane
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0095
DE The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membrane
DE tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products. The membrane is a
DE continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, it encloses the cytosol
DE cisternal spaces (or internal lumen), which are continuous with the
DE nuclear periplasmic space. The ER sustains many general functions,
DE including protein synthesis, protein modification, protein folding,
DE insertion of membrane proteins, sequestration of calcium, production
DE of phospholipids and steroids and transport of proteins destined for
DE membranes and secretion.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum.
KW KW-0256
GO GO:0005783; endoplasmic reticulum
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0096
DE The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the area enclosed by
DE the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, an extensive network of membrane
DE tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005788; endoplasmic reticulum lumen
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0097
DE The membrane surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The
DE endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of membrane tubules,
DE vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005789; endoplasmic reticulum membrane
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
AC SL-0098
DE The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a collection of
DE tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity of ER exit sites.
DE The ERGIC mediates transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the
DE Golgi and is the first anterograde/retrograde sorting station in the
DE secretory pathway. ERGIC has not been observed in yeast and plants.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; ERGIC; Intermediate compartment; IC; VTC; Vesiculo-tubular cluster.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
GO GO:0005793; ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen.
AC SL-0326
DE The ERGIC compartment bounded by the ERGIC membrane.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen; ERGIC lumen; Intermediate compartment lumen; IC lumen; VTC lumen; Vesiculo-tubular cluster lumen.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
AC SL-0099
DE The membrane surrounding the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, which
DE is a collection of tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity
DE of ER exit sites.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; ERGIC membrane; Intermediate compartment membrane; IC membrane; VTC membrane; Vesiculo-tubular cluster membrane.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
GO GO:0033116; ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
//
ID Endosome.
AC SL-0101
DE Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport
DE within the cell, they receive endocytosed cell membrane molecules and
DE sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell
DE surface. They also receive newly synthesised proteins destined for
DE vacuolar/lysosomal compartments. In certain cell types, endosomal
DE multivesicular bodies may fuse with the cell surface in an exocytic
DE manner. These released vesicles are called exosomes.
SL Endosome.
KW KW-0967
GO GO:0005768; endosome
//
ID Endosome lumen.
AC SL-0327
DE The endosomal compartment bounded by the endosomal membrane.
SY Endosomal lumen.
SL Endosome lumen.
HP Endosome.
//
ID Endosome membrane.
AC SL-0100
DE The membrane surrounding the endosome. Endosomes are highly dynamic
DE membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they receive
DE endocytosed cell membrane molecules and sort them for either
DE degradation or recycling back to the cell surface.
SY Endosomal membrane.
SL Endosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0010008; endosome membrane
//
ID Endospore.
AC SL-0102
DE Endospores are bacterial internal spore formed in response of an
DE unfavourable environment. These highly resistant, thick walled
DE structures are formed by vegetative cells during a process called
DE sporulation, and they are quite possibly the most resistant forms of
DE life. They are highly resistant to radiation, chemical agents,
DE extremely high temperatures, dessication, and other normally harmful
DE environments. Several bacterial genera are capable of producing
DE endospores; Bacillus and Clostridium are the two most common
DE endospore-producing genera.
SL Endospore.
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Endospore coat.
AC SL-0103
DE The endospore coat is the layer just below the exosporium. The
DE endospore coat is made up of highly cross-linked keratin and layers of
DE spore-specific proteins.
SL Endospore coat.
HP Endospore.
GO GO:0043593; endospore coat
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Endospore cortex.
AC SL-0104
DE The endospore cortex is a loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan layer
DE found between the endospore outer membrane and the intermembrane.
SL Endospore cortex.
HP Endospore.
GO GO:0043595; endospore cortex
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Endospore exosporium.
AC SL-0105
DE The endospore exosporium is the endospore outermost layer. Endospores
DE are bacterial internal spore formed in response of an unfavourable
DE environment.
SL Endospore exosporium.
HP Endospore.
GO GO:0043592; exosporium
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Endospore intermembrane.
AC SL-0106
DE The endospore intermembrane is a membrane surrounding the innermost
DE spore cell which contains the components of the vegetative bacterial
DE cell (the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, etc.).
SL Endospore intermembrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endospore.
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Endospore outer membrane.
AC SL-0107
DE The endospore outer membrane is a membrane placed between the
DE endospore coat and cortex.
SY Outer endospore membrane.
SL Endospore outer membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
HP Endospore.
GO GO:0043594; outer endospore membrane
WW http://howie.myweb.uga.edu/structure.html
//
ID Esterosome.
AC SL-0109
DE The esterosome is a crystalline inclusion body is a vesicle filled
DE with crystals of proteins showing sequence similarities with various
DE esterases. The enclosing membrane has the characteristics of RER.
SL Esterosome.
GO GO:0033117; esterosome
//
ID Esterosome lumen.
AC SL-0328
DE The esterosomal compartment bounded by the esterosomal membrane.
SY Esterosomal lumen.
SL Esterosome lumen.
HP Esterosome.
//
ID Esterosome membrane.
AC SL-0108
DE The membrane surrounding the esterosome, a crystalline inclusion body
DE is a vesicle filled with crystals of proteins showing sequence
DE similarities with various esterases.
SY Esterosomal membrane.
SL Esterosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Esterosome.
GO GO:0033118; esterosome membrane
//
ID Etioplast.
AC SL-0110
DE The etioplast is a plastid found in plants grown in the dark.
SL Plastid, etioplast.
HI Plastid.
GO GO:0009513; etioplast
//
ID Etioplast membrane.
AC SL-0329
DE The etioplast membrane is the membrane surrounding the etioplast, a
DE plastid found in plants grown in the dark.
SL Plastid, etioplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Etioplast.
//
ID Etioplast stroma.
AC SL-0330
DE The etioplast stroma is the space enclosed by the double membrane of
DE an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the
DE etioplast DNA.
SL Plastid, etioplast stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Etioplast.
//
ID Extracellular matrix.
AC SL-0111
DE The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vague term used to refer to all
DE the material surrounding cells in a multicellular organism, except
DE circulating fluids such as blood or lymph. In some cases, the ECM
DE accounts for more of the organism's bulk than its cells. In plants,
DE arthropods and fungi the ECM is primarily composed of nonliving
DE material such as cellulose or chitin. In vertebrates the ECM consists
DE of a complex network including the basement membrane, collage,
DE elastin, proteoglycans and hyaluronan.
SY Proteinaceous extracellular matrix.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.
HP Extracellular space.
KW KW-0272
GO GO:0005578; proteinaceous extracellular matrix
//
ID Extracellular space.
AC SL-0112
DE The extracellular space is the space outside of the cell membrane but
DE part of a multicellular organism.
SY Intercellular space.
SL Secreted, extracellular space.
HP Secreted.
GO GO:0005615; extracellular space
//
ID Filopodium.
AC SL-0286
DE The filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like cell protrusion filled
DE with straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments having their barbed
DE ends directed towards the cell membrane. Filopodium are observed at
DE the advancing front of the migrating cell and are implicated in cell
DE motility as well as in cell-substrate adhesion. Filopodia explore the
DE environment and form nascent adhesive structures in response to
DE external signaling cues. These long and highly dynamic protrusions can
DE extend and retract. They are observed in many cell types, such as
DE keratinocytes, fibroblasts and in neurite growth cones.
SY Filopodia; Microspike.
SL Cell projection, filopodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030175; filopodium
//
ID Filopodium membrane.
AC SL-0287
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the filopodium. The
DE filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like cell protrusion filled with
DE straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments having their barbed ends
DE directed towards the cell membrane.
SL Cell projection, filopodium membrane.
HP Filopodium.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031527; filopodium membrane
//
ID Fimbrium.
AC SL-0113
DE A fimbrium or pilus is a hollow, non-flagellar polymeric cell surface
DE projection from the cell surface. The major constituent is a protein,
DE pilin. Bacteria can have two kinds of pili: a low number of long F
DE (conjugation, sex) pili and/or short pili (or fimbria) found in large
DE numbers (up to hundreds). Short pili play a crucial role in processes
DE such as adherence to other cell and twitching/retractive motility.
SY Fimbria; Pilus; Pili.
SL Cell projection, fimbrium.
HI Cell projection.
KW KW-0281
GO GO:0009289; fimbrium
//
ID Flagellar pocket.
AC SL-0116
DE The flagellar pocket is a structure found in trypanosomes. The
DE flagellar pocket is formed by an invagination in the plasma membrane
DE where the flagellum emerges from the cell body. This pocket provides
DE the portal through which most of the dynamic interactions with the
DE host occur.
SL Flagellar pocket.
GO GO:0020016; flagellar pocket
//
ID Flagellum.
AC SL-0117
DE The flagellum is a long whip-like or feathery structure which propels
DE the cell through a liquid medium. This motile cilium is produced by
DE the unicellular eukaryotes, and by the motile male gametes of many
DE eukaryotic organisms. The flagella commonly have a characteristic
DE axial '9+2' microtubular array (axoneme) and bends are generated along
DE the length of the flagellum by restricted sliding of the nine outer
DE doublets.
SY Flagella; Motile cilium; Motile cilia; Undulipodium; Undulipodia.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum.
HI Cilium.
GO GO:0019861; flagellum
WW http://www.ciliome.com
//
ID Flagellum axoneme.
AC SL-0114
DE The flagellum axoneme is the most prominent structural component of
DE the flagellum, which is a long whip-like or feathery structure which
DE propels the cell through a liquid medium. The flagellum axoneme
DE consists of a characteristic axial '9+2' microtubular array.
SY Flagellar axoneme.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum axoneme.
HI Cilium axoneme.
HP Flagellum.
GO GO:0035086; flagellar axoneme
//
ID Flagellum basal body.
AC SL-0308
DE The basal body is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure required
DE for the formation of flagella. Basal bodies, structuraly related to
DE and often interconvertible with centrioles, serves as a nucleation
DE site for axoneme growth.
SY Flagellar basal body; Flagellum kinetosome; Flagellar kinetosome.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum basal body.
HP Flagellum.
//
ID Flagellum membrane.
AC SL-0115
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the flagellum, a long
DE whip-like or feathery structure which propels the cell through a
DE liquid medium.
SY Flagellar membrane.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum membrane.
HI Cilium membrane.
HP Flagellum.
GO GO:0020017; flagellar membrane
//
ID Focal adhesion.
AC SL-0118
DE Focal adhesions are sites of tightest adhesion made to the underlying
DE extracellular matrix by cells in culture. They serve a structural
DE role, linking the ECM on the outside to the actin cytoskeleton on the
DE inside. In addition, they are sites of signal transduction, initiating
DE signaling pathways in response to adhesion. Focal adhesions are formed
DE around a transmembrane core of an alpha-beta integrin heterodimer,
DE which binds to a component of the extracellular matrix on its
DE extracellular region, constitutes the site of anchorage of the actin
DE cytoskeleton to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and mediates
DE various intracellular signaling pathways.
SL Cell junction, focal adhesion.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0005925; focal adhesion
WW http://www-cellbio.med.unc.edu/grad/depttest/burridge.htm
//
ID Forespore.
AC SL-0119
DE Sporulation leads to the formation of an asymmetrically positioned
DE division septum (the polar septum) which divides the developing cell
DE into two adjacent, but unequal-sized compartments called the forespore
DE (the smaller cell) and the mother cell.
SL Forespore.
WW [Pubmed: 15753026] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Forespore inner membrane.
AC SL-0120
DE The inner membrane of the smaller compartment, the forespore, of a
DE sporulating cell.
SL Forespore inner membrane.
HI Forespore membrane.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Forespore intermembrane space.
AC SL-0121
DE The intermembrane space between the inner and outer forespore
DE membranes.
SL Forespore intermembrane space.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Forespore membrane.
AC SL-0122
DE The membrane surrounding a forespore. This term is used when it is not
DE known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer
DE forespore membrane.
SL Forespore membrane.
HP Forespore.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Forespore outer membrane.
AC SL-0123
DE The outer membrane of the smaller compartment, the forespore, of a
DE sporulating cell.
SL Forespore outer membrane.
HI Forespore membrane.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Gap junction.
AC SL-0124
DE A gap junction (GJ) is a communicating junction between certain cell
DE types that allows the passive passage of ions and small molecules
DE providing a direct pathway for electrical and metabolic signaling. In
DE vertebrates GJs are patches of channels, each cell membrane contains a
DE 'hemichannel', so that each GJ channel is composed of two hemichannels
DE (connexons), which in turn are composed of six membrane proteins
DE (connexins (Cxs)). In invertebrates, GJ channels are formed by another
DE large family of integral membrane proteins, the innexins. GJ exists in
DE all metazoans (multi-cellular organisms) and in almost all cell types
DE in these organisms.
SY Connexons.
SL Cell junction, gap junction.
HI Cell junction.
KW KW-0303
GO GO:0005921; gap junction
//
ID Gas vesicle.
AC SL-0125
DE Gas vesicles are rigid hollow structures found in five phyla of the
DE Bacteria and two groups of the Archaea, but mostly restricted to
DE planktonic microorganisms, in which they provide buoyancy. By
DE regulating their relative gas vesicle content, aquatic microbes are
DE able to perform vertical migrations. The gas vesicle is impermeable to
DE liquid water, but is highly permeable to gases and is normally filled
DE with air. Two proteins have been shown to be present in the gas
DE vesicle: GVPa, which makes the ribs that form the structure, and GVPc,
DE which binds to the outside of the ribs and stiffens the structure
DE against collapse.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle.
HI Vacuole.
KW KW-0304
GO GO:0031411; gas vesicle
//
ID Gas vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0331
DE The gas vesicle compartment bounded by the membrane of a gas vesicle.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Gas vesicle.
//
ID Gas vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0126
DE The membrane surrounding a gas vesicle.
SY Gas vesicle shell.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle membrane.
HI Vacuolar membrane.
HP Gas vesicle.
GO GO:0033172; gas vesicle shell
//
ID Gem.
AC SL-0127
DE Gems are nuclear bodies, often found paired or juxtaposed to Cajal
DE bodies, called gems for "gemini of CBs". It is not clear if Cajal
DE bodes and gems are distinct nuclear bodies or if they should be
DE considered as two manifestations of the same structure.
SL Nucleus, gem.
HP Nucleus.
//
ID Glycosome.
AC SL-0129
DE The glycosome is a microbody-like organelle found in all members of
DE the protist order Kinetoplastida examined. Nine enzymes involved in
DE glucose and glycerol metabolism are associated with these organelles.
DE These enzymes are involved in pathways which, in other organisms, are
DE usually located in the cytosol.
SL Glycosome.
KW KW-0327
GO GO:0020015; glycosome
//
ID Glycosome lumen.
AC SL-0332
DE The glycosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the glycosome, a
DE microbody-like organelle found in all members of the protist order
DE Kinetoplastida examined.
SY Glycosomal lumen.
SL Glycosome lumen.
HP Glycosome.
//
ID Glycosome membrane.
AC SL-0128
DE The membrane surrounding the the glycosome, a microbody-like organelle
DE found in all members of the protist order Kinetoplastida examined.
SY Glycosomal membrane.
SL Glycosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Glycosome.
GO GO:0046860; glycosome membrane
//
ID Glyoxysome.
AC SL-0131
DE The glyoxysome is a membrane-surrounded plant cell organelle,
DE especially found in germinating seeds, and involved in the breakdown
DE and conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate bypass.
DE Since it is also rich in catalase, the glyoxysome may be related to
DE the microbodies or peroxisomes or derived from them.
SL Glyoxysome.
KW KW-0330
GO GO:0009514; glyoxysome
//
ID Glyoxysome lumen.
AC SL-0333
DE The glyoxysomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the glyoxysome,
DE a membrane-surrounded plant cell organelle, especially found in
DE germinating seeds, and involved in the breakdown and conversion of
DE fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate bypass.
SY Glyoxysomal lumen.
SL Glyoxysome lumen.
HP Glyoxysome.
//
ID Glyoxysome membrane.
AC SL-0130
DE The membrane surrounding the glyoxysome, a membrane-surrounded plant
DE cell organelle, especially found in germinating seeds, and involved in
DE the breakdown and conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the
DE glyoxylate bypass.
SY Glyoxysomal membrane.
SL Glyoxysome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Glyoxysome.
GO GO:0046861; glyoxysomal membrane
//
ID Golgi apparatus.
AC SL-0132
DE The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened, cisternal membranes and
DE similar vesicles usually arranged in close apposition to each other to
DE form stacks. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is juxtanuclear,
DE often pericentriolar. The stacks are connected laterally by tubules to
DE create a perinuclear ribbon structure, the 'Golgi ribbon'. In plants
DE and lower animal cells, the Golgi exists as many copies of discrete
DE stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi is a polarized
DE structure with, in most higher eukaryotic cells, a cis-face associated
DE with a tubular reticular network of membranes facing the endoplasmic
DE reticulum, the cis-Golgi network (CGN), a medial area of disk-shaped
DE flattened cisternae, and a trans-face associated with another tubular
DE reticular membrane network, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) directed
DE toward the plasma membrane and compartments of the endocytic pathway.
DE The Golgi apparatus receives the entire output of de novo synthesized
DE polypeptides from the ER, and functions to posttranslationally process
DE and sort them within vesicles destined to their proper final
DE destination (e.g. plasma membrane, endosomes, lysosomes).
SY Golgi; Golgi complex; Complexus golgiensis; Apparatus golgiensis.
SL Golgi apparatus.
KW KW-0333
GO GO:0005794; Golgi apparatus
//
ID Golgi apparatus lumen.
AC SL-0133
DE The Golgi lumen consist of the cisternal spaces (or internal lumen) of
DE the Golgi apparatus.
SY Golgi lumen; Golgi complex lumen; Complexus golgiensis lumen; Apparatus golgiensis lumen.
SL Golgi apparatus lumen.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005796; Golgi lumen
//
ID Golgi apparatus membrane.
AC SL-0134
DE The membrane surrounding the Golgi apparatus.
SY Golgi membrane; Golgi complex membrane; Complexus golgiensis membrane; Apparatus golgiensis membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0000139; Golgi membrane
//
ID Golgi stack.
AC SL-0135
DE The Golgi stack consist of a series of flattened curved and parallel
DE series saccules, called cisternae or dictyosomes, that form the
DE central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis,
DE medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not
DE considered part of the stack.
SY Golgi body; Golgi bodies; Dictyosome.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005795; Golgi stack
//
ID Golgi stack lumen.
AC SL-0334
DE The Golgi stack compartment bounded by the membrane of the Golgi
DE stack.
SY Golgi body lumen; Golgi bodies lumen; Dictyosome lumen.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack lumen.
HI Golgi apparatus lumen.
HP Golgi stack.
//
ID Golgi stack membrane.
AC SL-0136
DE The membrane surrounding the Golgi stack.
SY Golgi cisterna membrane; Golgi body membrane; Golgi bodies membrane; Dictyosome membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack membrane.
HI Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP Golgi stack.
GO GO:0032580; Golgi cisterna membrane
//
ID Growth cone.
AC SL-0288
DE The growth cone is a dynamic cell protrusion at the tip of the
DE extending axon or dendrite. Neuron extends a specialized structure,
DE the growth cone, to find targets in the wiring of the nervous system.
DE The growth cone explores its environment by extending dynamic
DE filopodia. Growth cone is composed of an ensemble of protruding and
DE retracting veils (lamellipodia), net growth cone advance may be
DE considered the vector sum of all veil's motility behavior in response
DE to their local environments. Filopodia play a key role in delimiting
DE veils and serving to nucleate the formation of new veils.
SL Cell projection, growth cone.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030426; growth cone
WW [Pubmed: 17327278] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Growth cone membrane.
AC SL-0289
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a growth cone.
SL Cell projection, growth cone membrane.
HP Growth cone.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Hemidesmosome.
AC SL-0137
DE The hemidesmosome is an integrin-containing adhesive junction located
DE along the basal layer of cells where they abut the basement membrane
DE zone. As the name implies, only half the desmosome is present; only
DE one cell is participating, the second cell being represented by the
DE basement membrane.
SL Cell junction, hemidesmosome.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0030056; hemidesmosome
WW http://celljunctions.med.nyu.edu/hemidesmosomes/hemimain.html
//
ID Hyaline layer.
AC SL-0143
DE The hyaline layer is a multilayered extracellular matrix that coats
DE the external surfaces of sea urchin and starfish embryos.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, hyaline layer.
HI Extracellular matrix.
GO GO:0033166; hyaline layer
//
ID Hydrogenosome.
AC SL-0145
DE The hydrogenosome is a redox organelle of anaerobic unicellular
DE eukaryotes which contains hydrogenase and produces hydrogen and ATP by
DE glycolysis. They are found in various unrelated eukaryotes, such as
DE anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates. Most
DE hydrogenosomes lack a genome, but some like that of the anaerobic
DE ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, have retained a rudimentary genome.
SL Hydrogenosome.
KW KW-0377
GO GO:0042566; hydrogenosome
//
ID Hydrogenosome lumen.
AC SL-0335
DE The hydrogenosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the
DE hydrogenosome, a redox organelle found in anaerobic unicellular
DE eukaryotes.
SY Hydrogenosomal lumen.
SL Hydrogenosome lumen.
HP Hydrogenosome.
//
ID Hydrogenosome membrane.
AC SL-0144
DE The membrane surrounding the hydrogenosome, a redox organelle found in
DE anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes.
SY Hydrogenosomal membrane.
SL Hydrogenosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Hydrogenosome.
GO GO:0046859; hydrogenosomal membrane
//
ID Interphotoreceptor matrix.
AC SL-0146
DE In vertebrates, the photoreceptors are separated from the retinal
DE pigment epithelium by the subretinal space, which contains a
DE specialized extracellular material referred to as interphotoreceptor
DE matrix. The IPM mediates key interactions between the photoreceptors
DE and RPE including adhesion, phagocytosis, outer segment stability,
DE nutrient exchange, development, and vitamin A trafficking in the
DE visual cycle.
SY IPM.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, interphotoreceptor matrix.
HI Extracellular matrix.
GO GO:0033165; interphotoreceptor matrix
//
ID Intracytoplasmic membrane.
AC SL-0147
DE The membranes found inside the cell, i.e. a collection of single-
DE membrane structures including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
DE apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope.
SY Endomembrane.
SL Intracytoplasmic membrane.
HI Membrane.
//
ID Invadopodium.
AC SL-0148
DE The invadopodium is a localized and persitent cell protrusion similar
DE to the highly dynamic podosome, but larger. These structures protrudes
DE into the extracellular matrix. Invadopodial protrusions are enriched
DE in integrins, tyrosine kinase signaling machinery, soluble and
DE membrane proteases including matrix metalloproteases, actin and actin-
DE associated proteins. Essential for physiological and pathological cell
DE invasion and metastasis these structures are involved in focalized
DE degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invadopodia form underneath
DE the cell body, often close to the nucleus and proximal to the Golgi
DE complex, and are rarely found at the cell periphery. Their half-life
DE is quite extended. As invadopodia and podosomes are similar in
DE appearance, location and composition, it is likely that a thin line
DE separates these two entities in time and function.
SY Invadopodia.
SL Cell projection, invadopodium.
HI Cell projection.
WW [Pubmed: 16546558] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Invadopodium membrane.
AC SL-0290
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding an invadopodium.
SL Cell projection, invadopodium membrane.
HP Invadopodium.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Kinetochore.
AC SL-0149
DE The kinetochore is the connection between a chromosome and the
DE spindle.
SL Kinetochore.
//
ID Kinetoplast.
AC SL-0150
DE The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protozoa is termed kinetoplast
DE DNA (kDNA). kDNA is a massive network, composed of thousands of
DE topologically interlocked DNA circles. Each cell contains one network
DE condensed into a disk-shaped structure within the matrix of its single
DE mitochondrion. The kDNA circles are of two types, maxicircles present
DE in a few dozen copies and minicircles present in several thousand
DE copies.
SL Mitochondrion matrix, kinetoplast.
HP Mitochondrion matrix.
KW KW-0419
GO GO:0020023; kinetoplast
//
ID Lamellipodium.
AC SL-0291
DE The lamellipodium is a broad, flat, veil-shaped cell protrusion formed
DE at the leading edge of migrating cells. Lamellipodium contain a
DE branched dendritic network of actin filaments having their barbed ends
DE directed towards the cell membrane. It is associated with ameboid
DE motility (or crawling motility).
SY Lamellipodia; Veil.
SL Cell projection, lamellipodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030027; lamellipodium
//
ID Lamellipodium membrane.
AC SL-0292
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.
SL Cell projection, lamellipodium membrane.
HP Lamellipodium.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031258; lamellipodium membrane
//
ID Late endosome.
AC SL-0152
DE Late endosomes are pleiomorphic with cisternal, tubular and
DE multivesicular regions. They are found in juxtanuclear regions and
DE concentrated at the microtubule organizing center. They are an
DE important sorting station in the endocytic pathway. Recycling to the
DE plasma membrane and to the Golgi occurs in late endosomes. More acidic
DE than early endosomes they are also loaded more slowly in a range of 4
DE to 30 minutes depending on the cell type. They can be distinguished
DE from lysosome for their enrichment in M6PR.
SL Late endosome.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005770; late endosome
//
ID Late endosome lumen.
AC SL-0336
DE The late endosomal comaprtment bounded by the membrane of the late
DE endosome.
SY Late endosomal lumen.
SL Late endosome lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Late endosome.
//
ID Late endosome membrane.
AC SL-0151
DE The membrane surrounding the late endosomes.
SY Late endosomal membrane.
SL Late endosome membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Late endosome.
GO GO:0031902; late endosome membrane
//
ID Lateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0153
DE The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell.
SY Lateral plasma membrane.
SL Lateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Lipid droplet.
AC SL-0154
DE The lipid droplet is a dynamic cytoplasmic organelle which consists of
DE an heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of lipids and proteins
DE covered by a unique phospholipid monolayer. Lipid droplets may play a
DE role in lipid metabolism and storage, and they may be involved in the
DE regulation of intracellular trafficking and signal transduction.
SY Lipid particle; Lipid body; Lipid bodies; Oil body; Oil bodies; Oleosome; Spherosome; Monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body.
SL Lipid droplet.
KW KW-0551
GO GO:0012511; monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body
//
ID Lipid droplet membrane.
AC SL-0155
DE The membrane surrounding a lipid droplet.
SL Lipid droplet membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Lipid droplet.
//
ID Lysosome.
AC SL-0158
DE The lysosome is a membrane-limited organelle present in all eukaryotic
DE cells, which contains a large number of hydrolytic enzymes that are
DE used for degrading almost any kind of cellular constituent, including
DE entire organelles. The mechanisms responsible for delivering
DE cytoplasmic cargo to the lysosome/vacuole are known collectively as
DE autophagy and play an important role in the maintenance of
DE homeostasis.
SL Lysosome.
KW KW-0458
GO GO:0005764; lysosome
//
ID Lysosome lumen.
AC SL-0156
DE The lumen of a lysosome is the volume enclosed within the lysosomal
DE membrane.
SY Lysosomal lumen.
SL Lysosome lumen.
HP Lysosome.
GO GO:0043202; lysosomal lumen
//
ID Lysosome membrane.
AC SL-0157
DE The membrane surrounding a lysosome.
SY Lysosomal membrane.
SL Lysosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Lysosome.
GO GO:0005765; lysosomal membrane
//
ID Lytic vacuole.
AC SL-0159
DE The lytic vacuole is a plant specialized vacuole equivalent to animal
DE lysosomes or yeast vacuoles, functioning as compartments for
DE degradation and waste storage.
SL Lytic vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0000323; lytic vacuole
//
ID M-band.
AC SL-0315
DE In electron micrographs of the sarcomere, the M-band appears as a
DE series of parallel electron-dense lines in the central zone of the A-
DE band impliing that the M-band is needed for the regular packing of the
DE thick filaments.
SY M line.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, M-band.
HP Sarcomere.
GO GO:0031430; M line
//
ID Melanosome.
AC SL-0161
DE The melanosome is a melanin-containing organelle found in melanocytes
DE and melanophores. Fish and amphibians possess specialized cells,
DE called melanophores, which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment
DE granules, termed melanosomes. The sole function of these cells is
DE pigment aggregation in the center of the cell or dispersion throughout
DE the cytoplasm. This alternative transport of pigment allows the animal
DE to effect color changes important for camouflage and social
DE interactions. Melanophores transport their pigment in response to
DE extracellular cues: neurotransmitters in the case of fish and hormonal
DE stimuli in the case of frogs. In both cases, melanosome dispersion is
DE induced by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, while aggregation
DE is triggered by depression of cAMP. The regulatory mechanisms
DE downstream of these second-messengers are poorly understood. Mammalian
DE melanocytes also produce melanosomes but, unlike melanophores, pigment
DE in these cells is transported to the cell periphery for subsequent
DE exocytosis to surrounding epithelial cells.
SL Melanosome.
GO GO:0042470; melanosome
WW http://www.proweb.org/kinesin/Melanophore.html
//
ID Melanosome lumen.
AC SL-0338
DE The melanosomal compartment bounded by the membrane surrounding a melanosome.
SY Melanosomal lumen.
SL Melanosome lumen.
HP Melanosome.
//
ID Melanosome membrane.
AC SL-0160
DE The membrane surrounding a melanosome.
SY Melanosomal membrane.
SL Melanosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Melanosome.
GO GO:0033162; melanosome membrane
//
ID Membrane.
AC SL-0162
DE A membrane is a lipid bilayer which surrounds enclosed spaces and
DE compartments. This selectively permeable structure is essential for
DE effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings.
DE Membranes are composed of various types of molecules such as
DE phospholipids, integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins,
DE glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. The relative amounts of these
DE components as well as the types of lipids are non-randomly distributed
DE from membrane to membrane as well as between the two leaflets of a
DE membrane.
SL Membrane.
KW KW-0472
GO GO:0016020; membrane
//
ID Microneme.
AC SL-0163
DE The microneme is an Apicomplexan parasite organelle. Apicomplexa are
DE named for the unique set of morphologically distinct secretory
DE organelles (refered to as the apical complex)- micronemes, rhoptries
DE and dense granules - whose sequential secretion is required for the
DE invasion of host cells. Micronemes are the smallest, they are involved
DE in the early stages of invasion.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme.
HI Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0020009; microneme
//
ID Microneme lumen.
AC SL-0339
DE The micronemal compartment bounded by the membrane of a microneme.
SY Micronemal lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Microneme.
//
ID Microneme membrane.
AC SL-0164
DE The membrane surrounding a microneme.
SY Micronemal membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Microneme.
GO GO:0033163; microneme membrane
//
ID Microsome.
AC SL-0166
DE The microsomes are a heterogenous set of vesicles 20-200nm in diameter
DE and formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted.
DE The vesicles are isolated by differential centrifugation and are
DE composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles
DE and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the
DE microsomal fraction.
SL Microsome.
KW KW-0492
GO GO:0005792; microsome
//
ID Microsome membrane.
AC SL-0165
DE The membrane surrounding the microsome.
SY Microsomal membrane.
SL Microsome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Microsome.
//
ID Microvillus.
AC SL-0293
DE Microvilli are thin cylindrical dynamic cell projections containing a
DE core bundle of actin filaments. They serve a diverse set of functions,
DE such as increasing absorptive surface area in the epithelial brush
DE border, tethering leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells or
DE participate in sperm-oocyte fusion.
SY Microvilli.
SL Cell projection, microvillus.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0005902; microvillus
//
ID Microvillus membrane.
AC SL-0294
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a microvillus.
SY Microvillar membrane.
SL Cell projection, microvillus membrane.
HP Microvillus.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031528; microvillus membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion.
AC SL-0173
DE The mitochondrion is a semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelle that
DE occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes.
DE Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The
DE inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called
DE cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative
DE phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. The size and
DE coding capacity of the mitochondrial DNA varies considerably in
DE different organisms, and encodes rRNAs, tRNAs and essential
DE mitochondrial proteins.
SL Mitochondrion.
KW KW-0496
GO GO:0005739; mitochondrion
//
ID Mitochondrion envelope.
AC SL-0167
DE The mitochondrial envelope comprises the inner and outer mitochondrial
DE membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Mitochondrial envelope.
SL Mitochondrion envelope.
HP Mitochondrion.
GO GO:0005740; mitochondrial envelope
//
ID Mitochondrion inner membrane.
AC SL-0168
DE The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is the membrane which separates
DE the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.
SY Mitochondrial inner membrane; Inner mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion inner membrane.
HI Mitochondrion membrane.
GO GO:0005743; mitochondrial inner membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion intermembrane space.
AC SL-0169
DE The mitochondrial intermembrane space is the space between inner and
DE outer mitochondrial membrane.
SY Mitochondrial intermembrane space; Mitochondrial periplasm; Mitochondrial periplasmic space.
SL Mitochondrion intermembrane space.
HP Mitochondrion envelope.
GO GO:0005758; mitochondrial intermembrane space
//
ID Mitochondrion matrix.
AC SL-0170
DE The matrix of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrion internal spaces
DE enclosed by the inner membrane. Several of the steps in cellular
DE respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of
DE enzymes.
SY Mitochondrial matrix.
SL Mitochondrion matrix.
HP Mitochondrion.
GO GO:0005759; mitochondrial matrix
//
ID Mitochondrion membrane.
AC SL-0171
DE The membrane surrounding a mitochondrion. This term is used when it is
DE not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or
DE outer mitochondrial membrane.
SY Mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Mitochondrion envelope.
GO GO:0031966; mitochondrial membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion nucleoid.
AC SL-0269
DE The mitochondrial nucleoid is the mitochondrial pseudocompartment
DE formed by the chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally
DE equivalent to the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SY Mitochondrial nucleoid.
SL Mitochondrion matrix, mitochondrion nucleoid.
HP Mitochondrion matrix.
GO GO:0042645; mitochondrial nucleoid
//
ID Mitochondrion outer membrane.
AC SL-0172
DE The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrial membrane
DE facing the cytoplasm.
SY Mitochondrial outer membrane; Outer mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion outer membrane.
HI Mitochondrion membrane.
GO GO:0005741; mitochondrial outer membrane
//
ID Multivesicular body.
AC SL-0174
DE The multivesicular bodies are a type of late endosome containing
DE internal vesicles formed following the inward budding of the outer
DE endosomal membrane. The contents of the MVBs are then released into
DE the lysosome lumen. The proteins found in the limiting membrane of
DE MVBs are recycled to other compartments.
SY MVB; Multivesicular bodies; Endosomal carrier vesicle; ECV; Corpuscula multivesicularis.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005771; multivesicular body
WW http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMVBE.html
//
ID Multivesicular body lumen.
AC SL-0340
DE The multivesicular body compartment bounded by the membrane of the multivesicular bodies.
SY MVB lumen; Multivesicular bodies lumen; Endosomal carrier vesicle lumen; ECV lumen; Corpuscula multivesicularis lumen.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Multivesicular body.
//
ID Multivesicular body membrane.
AC SL-0175
DE The membrane surrounding the multivesicular bodies.
SY MVB membrane; Multivesicular bodies membrane; Endosomal carrier vesicle membrane; ECV membrane; Corpuscula multivesicularis membrane.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Multivesicular body.
//
ID Myelin membrane.
AC SL-0176
DE The myelin membrane is the white matter coating our nerves, enabling
DE them to conduct impulses between the brain and other parts of the
DE body. It consists of a layer of proteins packed between two layers of
DE lipids. This specialized cell membrane is produced by oligodendrocytes
DE in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells in the peripheral
DE nervous system. Myelin sheaths wrap themselves around axons, the
DE threadlike extensions of neurons that make up nerve fibers. Each
DE oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons. The major function of
DE myelin is to increase the velocity of propagation of nerve impulses.
SY Myelin; Myelin sheath.
SL Myelin membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
GO GO:0043209; myelin sheath
WW http://www.myelin.org/
//
ID Myofibril.
AC SL-0312
DE A myofibril is a long cylindrical organelle found in muscle cells
DE formed by two transverse filament systems: the thick and thin
DE filaments. The thin filament is composed primarily of actin; it is
DE tethered at one end to the Z-disk, and it interdigitates with the
DE thick filaments. The main constituent of the thick filament is myosin;
DE the direction of the myosin heads changes polarity at the M-line,
DE allowing interaction with the thin filaments anchored from the next
DE adjacent Z-disk. A third and a fourth filament complex exist,
DE comprising the giant proteins titin and nebulin.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril.
HI Sarcoplasm.
GO GO:0030016; myofibril
//
ID Ne