Reviewed,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P42858 (HD_HUMAN)
Last modified
July 22, 2008.
Version 84.
History...
Clusters with 100%,
90%,
50% identity |
Documents (6) |
Third-party data |
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Names and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Huntingtin Alternative name(s): Huntington disease protein Short name=HD protein | ||||
| Gene names |
| ||||
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) | ||||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 3144 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Sequence processing | The displayed sequence is not processed. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level. |
General annotation (Comments)
| Function | May play a role in microtubule-mediated transport or vesicle function. |
| Subunit structure | Binds SH3GLB1 By similarity. Interacts through its N-terminus with PRPF40A. Interacts with PQBP1, SETD2 and SYVN. |
| Subcellular location | |
| Tissue specificity | Widely expressed with the highest level of expression in the brain (nerve fibers, varicosities, and nerve endings). In the brain, the regions where it can be mainly found are the cerebellar cortex, the neocortex, the striatum, and the hippocampal formation. |
| Post-translational modification | Cleaved by apopain downstream of the polyglutamine stretch. The resulting amino-terminal fragment is cytotoxic and provokes apoptosis. Forms with expanded polyglutamine expansion are specifically ubiquitinated by SYVN1, which promotes their proteasomal degradation. |
| Polymorphism | The poly-Gln region of HTT is highly polymorphic (10 to 35 repeats) in the normal population and is expanded to about 36-120 repeats in Huntington disease patients. The repeat length usually increases in successive generations, but contracts also on occasion. The adjacent poly-Pro region is also polymorphic and varies between 7-12 residues. Polyglutamine expansion leads to elevated susceptibility to apopain cleavage and likely result in accelerated neuronal apoptosis. |
| Involvement in disease | Defects in HTT are the cause of Huntington disease (HD) [MIM:143100]. HD is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements (chorea), general motor impairment, psychiatric disorders and dementia. Onset of the disease occurs usually in the third or fourth decade of life and symptoms progressively worsen leading to death in 10 to 20 years. Onset and clinical course depend on the degree of poly-Gln repeat expansion, longer expansions resulting in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations. HD affects 1 in 10,000 individuals of European origin. Neuropathology of Huntington disease displays a distinctive pattern with loss of neurons, especially in the caudate and putamen (striatum). |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the huntingtin family. Contains 10 HEAT repeats. |
Ontologies
Keywords | |
|---|---|
| Biological process | Apoptosis |
| Cellular component | Cytoplasm Nucleus |
| Coding sequence diversity | Polymorphism Triplet repeat expansion |
| Disease | Disease mutation |
| Domain | Repeat |
| PTM | Phosphoprotein Ubl conjugation |
| Technical term | 3D-structure |
Gene Ontology (GO) | |
| Biological process | behavior Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc induction of apoptosisTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc organ morphogenesisTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc pathogenesisTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc |
| Cellular component | Golgi apparatus Inferred from direct assay. Source: UniProtKB nucleusTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc soluble fractionTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc |
| Molecular function | microtubule binding Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc transcription corepressor activityTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc transporter activityTraceable author statement. Source: ProtInc |
| Complete GO annotation... | |
Binary interactions
With | Entry | #Exp. | IntAct | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHD3 | Q12873 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-523590 | |
| CREBBP | Q92793 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-81215 | |
| CRMP1 | Q14194 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-473101 | |
| ECH1 | Q13011 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-711968 | |
| FEZ1 | Q99689 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-396435 | |
| GIT1 | Q9Y2X7 | 5 | EBI-466029,EBI-466061 | |
| IKBKAP | O95163 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-347559 | |
| KIAA1377 | Q9P2H0 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-473176 | |
| MED31 | Q9Y3C7 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-394707 | |
| PFN2 | P35080 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-473138 | |
| PIAS4 | Q8N2W9 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-473160 | |
| SIN3A | Q96ST3 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-347218 | |
| TP53 | P04637 | 2 | EBI-466029,EBI-366083 | |
| XRCC6 | P12956 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-353208 | |
| ZDHHC17 | Q8IUH5 | 1 | EBI-466029,EBI-524753 |
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | ||||
Molecule processing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain | 1 – 3144 | 3144 | Huntingtin | |||||
Regions | ||||||||
| Repeat | 206 – 243 | 38 | HEAT 1 | |||||
| Repeat | 248 – 285 | 38 | HEAT 2 | |||||
| Repeat | 318 – 362 | 45 | HEAT 3 | |||||
| Repeat | 804 – 841 | 38 | HEAT 4 | |||||
| Repeat | 904 – 942 | 39 | HEAT 5 | |||||
| Motif | 2397 – 2406 | 10 | Nuclear export signal By similarity | |||||
| Compositional bias | 18 – 40 | 23 | Poly-Gln | |||||
| Compositional bias | 41 – 51 | 11 | Poly-Pro | |||||
| Compositional bias | 65 – 80 | 16 | Poly-Pro | |||||
| Compositional bias | 1439 – 1442 | 4 | Poly-Thr | |||||
| Compositional bias | 2343 – 2347 | 5 | Poly-Glu | |||||
| Compositional bias | 2640 – 2645 | 6 | Poly-Glu | |||||
Sites | ||||||||
| Site | 513 – 514 | 2 | Cleavage; by apopain Potential | |||||
| Site | 530 – 531 | 2 | Cleavage; by apopain Potential | |||||
| Site | 552 – 553 | 2 | Cleavage; by apopain Potential | |||||
| Site | 589 – 590 | 2 | Cleavage; by apopain Potential | |||||
Amino acid modifications | ||||||||
| Modified residue | 421 | 1 | Phosphoserine | |||||
| Modified residue | 434 | 1 | Phosphoserine | |||||
| Modified residue | 1876 | 1 | Phosphoserine By similarity | |||||
Natural variations | ||||||||
| Natural variant | 38 – 40 | 3 | Missing | |||||
Experimental info | ||||||||
| Sequence conflict | 825 | 1 | C → S in BAA36753. Ref.2 | |||||
| Sequence conflict | 2788 | 1 | V → I in AAA52702. Ref.6 | |||||
Sequences
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References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes." Macdonald M., Ambrose C.M., Duyao M.P., Myers R.H., Lin C.S., Srinidhi J., Barnes G., Taylor S.A., James M., Groot N., McFarlane H., Jenkins B., Anderson M.A., Wexler N.S., Gusella J.F., Bates G.P., Baxendale S., Hummerich H. Harper P.S.Cell 72:971-983(1993) [PubMed: 8458085] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Tissue: Retina. |
| [2] | "Identification and characterization of the miniature pig Huntington's disease gene homolog: evidence for conservation and polymorphism in the CAG triplet repeat." Matsuyama N., Hadano S., Onoe K., Osuga H., Shouguchi-Miyata J., Gondo Y., Ikeda J.-E. Genomics 69:72-85(2000) [PubMed: 11013077] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. Tissue: Brain. |
| [3] | "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4." Hillier L.W., Graves T.A., Fulton R.S., Fulton L.A., Pepin K.H., Minx P., Wagner-McPherson C., Layman D., Wylie K., Sekhon M., Becker M.C., Fewell G.A., Delehaunty K.D., Miner T.L., Nash W.E., Kremitzki C., Oddy L., Du H. Wilson R.K.Nature 434:724-731(2005) [PubMed: 15815621] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [4] | "Structure and expression of the Huntington's disease gene: evidence against simple inactivation due to an expanded CAG repeat." Ambrose C.M., Duyao M.P., Barnes G., Bates G.P., Lin C.S., Srinidhi J., Baxendale S., Hummerich H., Lehrach H., Altherr M., Wasmuth J., Buckler A., Church D., Housman D., Berks M., Micklem G., Durbin R., Dodge A. Macdonald M.E.Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 20:27-38(1994) [PubMed: 8197474] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-205. |
| [5] | "Structural analysis of the 5' region of mouse and human Huntington disease genes reveals conservation of putative promoter region and di- and trinucleotide polymorphisms." Lin B., Nasir J., Kalchman M.A., McDonald H., Zeisler J., Goldberg Y.P., Hayden M.R. Genomics 25:707-715(1995) [PubMed: 7759106] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 1-90. |
| [6] | "Differential 3' polyadenylation of the Huntington disease gene results in two mRNA species with variable tissue expression." Lin B., Rommens J.M., Graham R.K., Kalchman M., Macdonald H., Nasir J., Delaney A., Goldberg Y.P., Hayden M.R. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1541-1545(1993) [PubMed: 7903579] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 2563-3144. Tissue: Brain, Caudate nucleus, Frontal cortex, Muscle and Retina. |
| [7] | "Cellular localization of the Huntington's disease protein and discrimination of the normal and mutated form." Trottier Y., Devys D., Imbert G., Saudou F., An I., Lutz Y., Weber C., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C., Mandel J.-L. Nat. Genet. 10:104-110(1995) [PubMed: 7647777] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBCELLULAR LOCATION. |
| [8] | "Cleavage of huntingtin by apopain, a proapoptotic cysteine protease, is modulated by the polyglutamine tract." Goldberg Y.P., Nicholson D.W., Rasper D.M., Kalchman M.A., Koide H.B., Graham R.K., Bromm M., Kazemi-Esfarjani P., Thornberry N.A., Vaillancourt J.P., Hayden M.R. Nat. Genet. 13:442-449(1996) [PubMed: 8696339] [Abstract] Cited for: CLEAVAGE BY APOPAIN. |
| [9] | "Huntingtin interacts with a family of WW domain proteins." Faber P.W., Barnes G.T., Srinidhi J., Chen J., Gusella J.F., MacDonald M.E. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7:1463-1474(1998) [PubMed: 9700202] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH PRPF40A AND SETD2. |
| [10] | "PQBP-1, a novel polyglutamine tract binding protein, inhibits transcription activation by Brn-2 and affects cell survival." Waragai M., Lammers C.-H., Takeuchi S., Imafuku I., Udagawa Y., Kanazawa I., Kawabata M., Mouradian M.M., Okazawa H. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8:977-987(1999) [PubMed: 10332029] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH PQBP1. Tissue: Brain. |
| [11] | "Huntingtin's WW domain partners in Huntington's disease post-mortem brain fulfill genetic criteria for direct involvement in Huntington's disease pathogenesis." Passani L.A., Bedford M.T., Faber P.W., McGinnis K.M., Sharp A.H., Gusella J.F., Vonsattel J.-P., MacDonald M.E. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9:2175-2182(2000) [PubMed: 10958656] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH SETD2. |
| [12] | "Identification of the full-length huntingtin-interacting protein p231HBP/HYPB as a DNA-binding factor." Rega S., Stiewe T., Chang D.-I., Pollmeier B., Esche H., Bardenheuer W., Marquitan G., Puetzer B.M. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 18:68-79(2001) [PubMed: 11461154] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH SETD2. |
| [13] | "Huntingtin contains a highly conserved nuclear export signal." Xia J., Lee D.H., Taylor J., Vandelft M., Truant R. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12:1393-1403(2003) [PubMed: 12783847] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEAR EXPORT SIGNAL. |
| [14] | "Ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 enhances the degradation and suppresses the toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin." Yang H., Zhong X., Ballar P., Luo S., Shen Y., Rubinsztein D.C., Monteiro M.J., Fang S. Exp. Cell Res. 313:538-550(2007) [PubMed: 17141218] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH SYVN, UBIQUITINATION. |
| [15] | "Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets." Zahedi R.P., Lewandrowski U., Wiesner J., Wortelkamp S., Moebius J., Schuetz C., Walter U., Gambaryan S., Sickmann A. J. Proteome Res. 7:526-534(2008) [PubMed: 18088087] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-421 AND SER-434, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Platelet. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L12392 mRNA. Translation: AAB38240.1. AB016794 mRNA. Translation: BAA36753.1. Z49154 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA89024.1. Z49155 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA89025.1. Z49208 Genomic DNA. No translation available. Z49769 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA89839.1. Z68756 Genomic DNA. No translation available. Z69649 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L27350 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L27351 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L27352 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L27353 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L27354 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L34020 Genomic DNA. No translation available. L20431 mRNA. Translation: AAA52702.1. | |||||||||||||
| PIR | A46068. | ||||||||||||
| RefSeq | NP_002102.4. | ||||||||||||
| UniGene | Hs.518450 | ||||||||||||
3D structure databases | |||||||||||||
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| ModBase | Search... | ||||||||||||
Protein-protein interaction databases | |||||||||||||
| IntAct | P42858. | ||||||||||||
PTM databases | |||||||||||||
| PhosphoSite | P42858. | ||||||||||||
Genome annotation databases | |||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000197386. Homo sapiens. [Contig view] | ||||||||||||
| GeneID | 3064. | ||||||||||||
| KEGG | hsa:3064. | ||||||||||||
Organism-specific databases | |||||||||||||
| H-InvDB | HIX0004042. | ||||||||||||
| HGNC | HGNC:4851. HTT. | ||||||||||||
| HPA | CAB002756. | ||||||||||||
| MIM | 143100. gene+phenotype. | ||||||||||||
| Orphanet | 399. Huntington disease. | ||||||||||||
| PharmGKB | PA29225. | ||||||||||||
| GenAtlas | Search... | ||||||||||||
| GeneCards | Search... | ||||||||||||
Phylogenomic databases | |||||||||||||

Clusters with